What Is Developmental Coordination Disorder?

Developmental coordination disorder is a motor skill disorder that causes problems with movement and coordination. It is not related to intelligence, autism, or physical disorders such as cerebral palsy.

DCD affects areas of the brain that learn or remember movements, so each motor task may seem new, no matter how many times it is repeated. Movements do not become automatic or feel normal or typical to the child. Children with DCD might struggle to imitate movements or learn new motor skills. They also have a hard time keeping up with the speed of movements compared with other children their age.

Boys are diagnosed with DCD slightly more often than girls. Children with DCD also may have other separate conditions, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and speech/language impairments. They also may have self-esteem, behavior, and social and/or emotional problems. Because movement is so hard for them, they may develop poor health. They may have poor fitness, be overweight, and have heart disease due to inactivity.

DCD continues throughout a person’s life. However, children and teens can improve their condition with the help of physical therapists and other health care providers. Children with DCD can learn to use new movement strategies. With guidance, they can find the right physical activities, sports, and job activities that lead to a positive and fulfilling life.

How Does It Feel?

Children with DCD feel that their body (arms and legs) will not move correctly. They want to throw a ball, ride a bike, or play a sport, but their body can’t remember how to do those activities. Children with DCD may feel clumsy or awkward, and they may develop low self-esteem. They also may not want to take part in some activities with other children, including physical education classes in school.

Signs and Symptoms

Often, parents spot signs and symptoms of DCD in their child before anyone else. When they notice their baby is behind other children in movement skills, such as sitting up or learning to walk, they report these concerns to a health care professional. However, sometimes signs and symptoms of DCD are not caught until a child starts school. Teachers may see that the child cannot play at recess or in physical education classes in the same way that other children do. They also may observe that it takes the child longer to complete schoolwork. Children with DCD show a lack of interest in playing with other children.

Children with DCD may have difficulty when they try to:

• Run, skip, jump, hop on one foot, do jumping jacks, or perform other physical activities.
• Use hand-held objects such as crayons or scissors.
• Throw or catch a ball accurately.
• Follow directions for movements that involve more than one step. (When they make a mistake or can’t do the next step, they will start all over again rather than with the most recent action taken.)
• Know where their bodies are in space.

How Can a Physical Therapist Help?

Your child’s first physical therapy session will begin with a complete evaluation. Your child’s PT may:

• Take a full medical history. They will ask questions about the mother’s pregnancy and the child’s birth and development (the age the child sat up, crawled, walked), the general health of the child, and the parents’ concerns.
• Measure the child’s height and weight.
• Observe the child’s movement patterns.
• Assess the child’s muscle strength, tone, flexibility, and balance.
• Test the child’s movement skills, such as skipping or walking in a straight line.
• Screen for problems using their hands, vision, language skills, intellect, and other areas of development.
• Refer you and your child to other health care providers as part of a team approach to address your child’s needs.

PTs work with children with DCD to improve muscle strength, coordination, and balance. They also help them develop skills to improve their daily activities and quality of life. Your child’s program may include treatments to:

• Improve strength. Your PT will teach you and your child exercises to increase muscle strength. They will identify games and fun tasks that improve strength, reduce obesity, and improve heart health.
• Improve balance. Your PT may teach your child exercises to help improve their balance, such as standing on one foot.
• Improve body awareness. Your PT might have your child play in obstacle courses to help them learn how to plan movements while having fun.
• Improve skills through task-oriented and task-specific learning. Your child may learn fun new skills like bike riding. Your PT may suggest making adjustments (like using a 3-wheeled bike or training wheels for bike riders) to keep your child safe as they learn new activities.

Can This Injury or Condition Be Prevented?

The exact cause of DCD is unknown. Research has shown that the disorder is linked to premature birth and low birth weight. Sometimes changes in the brain can be seen on brain scans ordered by a physician. One area of the brain, the cerebellum, may be affected. Research is ongoing.

If your child is diagnosed with DCD, a physical therapist can work with you and your child to help prevent added complications that might occur including:

• Poor posture.
• Walking with the feet turned in or out.
• Delayed learning of movement skills.
• Low self-esteem caused by being unable to keep up with peers.
• Obesity or heart disease caused by inactivity.

All PTs are prepared through education and experience to treat a variety of conditions or injuries. You may want to consider:

• A PT who has experience working with children with developmental disorders. Some PTs have a pediatric practice and will work with you and your child in your home or in the school or community environment.
• A PT who is a board-certified clinical specialist or who has completed a residency or fellowship in pediatric physical therapy. This PT has advanced knowledge, experience, and skills that may apply to developmental conditions.
• Using Find a PT, an online tool built by the American Physical Therapy Association to help you search for PTs with specific clinical expertise in your geographic area.

General tips when you’re looking for a PT (or any other health care provider):

• Get recommendations from family, friends, or other health care providers.
• When you contact a physical therapy clinic for an appointment, ask about the PTs’ experience in helping children with developmental disorders.
• During your first visit with the PT, be prepared to describe your child’s symptoms in as much detail as possible and say what makes your child’s coordination worse